Abstract Introduction: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard method, although one limitation is the size of the scan area. Objective: the objective was to verify the accuracy of body composition (BC) scanning through half-body DXA scanning compared to standard total body scanning. Methods: a study was conducted on 145 volunteers. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. DXA was used for whole-body scan (WBS) and half-body scan (HBS). WBS was used as the reference method and the following indicators were extracted: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), lean soft tissue (LST) and percentage fat mass (%FM). Results: no differences were observed in the body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM) when compared between the reference WBS scanner and the HBS scanner. The predictive power between both scans ranged in both sexes between R2 = 0.94 and 0.98. The DRI desirable reproducibility index values defining the degree of agreement between both scans ranged from 0.97 to 0.99, and the values for precision (0.97 to 0.99) and accuracy (0.99) were high. Conclusion: HBS scanning by DXA evidenced agreement, and high values of accuracy and precision to assess body composition indicators (BMC, FM, LST and %FM).

Resumen Introducción: la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) es el método de referencia, aunque una limitación es el tamaño del área de exploración. Objetivo: el objetivo fue verificar la precisión de la exploración de la CB mediante la exploración DXA de medio cuerpo en comparación con la exploración estándar de todo el cuerpo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio con 145 voluntarios. Se evaluaron el peso y la altura. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se utilizó la DXA para la exploración de cuerpo entero (WBS) y la exploración de medio cuerpo (HBS). Se utilizó la PEP como método de referencia y se extrajeron los siguientes indicadores: contenido mineral óseo (CMO), masa grasa (MG), tejido blando magro (TBL) y porcentaje de masa grasa (%MG). Resultados: no se observaron diferencias en los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM) cuando se compararon entre el escáner WBS de referencia y el escáner HBS. El poder predictivo entre ambos escáneres osciló en ambos sexos entre R2 = 0,94 y 0,98. Los valores del índice de reproducibilidad deseable DRI que definen el grado de acuerdo entre ambas exploraciones oscilaron entre 0,97 y 0,99, y los valores de precisión (0,97 a 0,99) y exactitud (0,99) fueron altos. Conclusión: la exploración de HBS mediante DXA evidenció concordancia y altos valores de exactitud y precisión para evaluar los indicadores de composición corporal (BMC, FM, LST y %FM).

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to point out the studies that describe variables that are associated with a positive impact on competitive performance in paralympic powerlifting athletes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were used to develop the study, and the studies were extracted from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and EBSCO. A selection process was carried out by title, abstract and full text, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Initially, 154 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 8 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The results indicate that there are physiological and biomechanical factors related to sports performance. Placebo intake, use of creatine monohydrate, lean body mass percentage, genetic predisposition, and various short- and medium-term recovery methods, such as dry needling and cold water immersion, are physiological factors related to performance. Regarding biomechanical factors, it was evidenced that the measurement of bar grip is related to greater force production and average propulsive speed.

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é apontar os estudos que descrevem variáveis que se associam a um impacto positivo no desempenho competitivo em atletas de para powerlifting. Para desenvolver o estudo foi utilizada as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) e os estudos foram extraídos de bases de dados eletrônicas como Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect e EBSCO. Foi realizado um processo de seleção por título, resumo e texto completo, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Inicialmente foram identificados 154 estudos que após a eliminação de duplicatas e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 8 artigos originais para análise qualitativa. Os resultados indicam que existem fatores fisiológicos e biomecânicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. A ingestão de placebo, uso de monohidrato de creatina, percentual de massa magra, predisposição genética e diversos métodos de recuperação de curto e médio prazo, como agulhamento seco e imersão em água fria, são fatores fisiológicos relacionados ao desempenho. Em relação aos fatores biomecânicos, foi evidenciado que a mensuração da preensão da barra se relaciona com maior produção de força e velocidade propulsora média.

Abstract Introduction: one of the causes of Nutritional anemia is that the amount of iron absorbed is insufficient to meet the body's needs. Objective: to determine the effects of microencapsulated and heminic iron supplementation to increase hemoglobin levels and body weight in iron-depleted rats. Methods: a randomized experimental study was designed. Four study groups were formed. Control group (GC), experimental group (GE1) (MC microencapsulated iron supplementation), experimental group 2 (GE2) (heminic iron supplementation) and experimental group 3 (GE3) (MC + heminic iron supplementation). A dry powdered diet containing all normal nutrients except iron was fed to the four groups for 15 days (three times a day). Weight, length and hemoglobin (Hb) were evaluated at pre- and post-test under similar conditions. Results: in Hb, no significant differences were observed in the CG (p = 0.225), despite a -9.6 % decrease in the post-test. GE1 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.3 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (21.6 %, 25.8 g) (p < 0.05) in the post-test. Similarly, GE2 significantly increased hemoglobin (14.5 %, Hb 2.1 g/dl) and body weight (44.5 %, 52.3 g) (p < 0.05). However, in GE3, despite significantly increasing weight (30.2 %, 35.2 g), the increase in hemoglobin levels was similar to what occurred in GE1 and GE2 groups (increasing by 14.5 % and Hb 2.2 g/dl). There were no significant differences in rat length between pre- and post-test in the four groups. Conclusion: these RESULTS suggest that heme iron together with quinoa and cañihua flour could be exploited as a new safe and efficient iron supplement compared to microencapsulated iron, given its higher iron bioavailability and its ability to increase body weight.

Resumen Introducción: una de las causas de la anemia nutricional es que la cantidad de hierro absorbida es insuficiente para satisfacer las necesidades del organismo. Objetivo: determinar los efectos de la suplementación de hierro microencapsulado y hemínico para aumentar los niveles de hemoglobina y el peso corporal en ratas alimentadas sin hierro. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio experimental aleatorizado. Se conformaron cuatro grupos de estudio. Grupo control (GC), grupo experimental (GE1) (suplementación de hierro microencapsulado MC), grupo experimental 2 (GE2) (suplementación de hierro hemínico) y grupo experimental 3 (GE3) (suplementación de hierro MC + hierro hemínico). Se administró al GC una dieta seca en polvo que contenía todos los nutrientes normales excepto el hierro. Los tres grupos experimentales fueron alimentados en base a una dieta de harina de quinua y cañihua. A la dieta del GE1 se agregó hierro MC; al GE2, hierro hemínico; y al GE3, hierro MC + hierro hemínico. La suplementación se realizó durante 15 días (tres veces al día). Se evaluaron el peso, la longitud y la hemoglobina (Hb) en el pretest y postest en similares condiciones. Resultados: en la Hb no se observaron diferencias significativas en el GC (p = 0,225), a pesar de disminuir en un -9,6 % en el postest. El GE1 aumentó significativamente la hemoglobina (14,3 %, Hb 2,1 g/dl) y el peso corporal (21,6 %, 25,8 g) (p < 0,05) en el postest. De la misma forma, el GE2 incrementó significativamente la hemoglobina (14,5 %, Hb 2,1 g/dl) y el peso corporal (44,5 %, 52,3 g) (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el GE3, a pesar de mezclar el hierro MC y hemínico, no logró superar la actuación individual en cada uno de los GE1 y GE2. No hubo diferencias significativas en la longitud de las ratas entre el pretest y el postest en los cuatro grupos. Conclusión: estos resultados sugieren que el hierro hemo junto a la harina de quinua y cañihua podrían explotarse como un nuevo suplemento de hierro seguro y eficiente en comparación con el hierro microencapsulado, dada su mayor biodisponibilidad de hierro y su capacidad de incrementar el peso corporal.

Resumen: La aptitud física es uno de los marcadores de salud importantes como predictor de morbilidad y mortalidad de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre masa grasa con indicadores antropométricos y comparar el desempeño de la aptitud física entre niños y adolescentes categorizados con adecuado y exceso de masa grasa. Sujetos y Método: estudio transversal descrip tivo en 863 escolares entre 6 a 17,9 años. Se midió el peso, estatura, circunferencia de cintura. Se evaluó la aptitud física (velocidad, agilidad y salto horizontal). Se calculó la masa grasa por ecuación antropométrica, se calculó el índice de masa corporal, índice ponderal, e índice cintura estatura. Se agruparon los datos por edad en 6 grupos. Resultados: Los niños de ambos sexos categorizados con adecuados niveles de masa grasa presentaron valores inferiores de índice de masa corporal, índice ponderal e índice cintura estatura en relación a los niños con elevados niveles de masa grasa. En la aptitud física, los niños con masa grasa adecuada fueron mejores que sus contrapartes con masa grasa elevada. En las niñas con masa grasa adecuada, se observó mejores resultados en el salto horizontal y agilidad durante la adolescencia. No hubo diferencias en la prueba de velocidad. Conclusión: La masa grasa puede ser considerada como una herramienta valiosa para determinar el exceso de grasa corporal y categorizar a niños y adolescentes con adecuado y exceso de masa grasa. Además, presentar niveles aceptables de masa grasa puede contribuir a una mejor forma física en los niños en el salto horizontal, agilidad y velocidad y en las niñas únicamente en el salto horizontal y agilidad.

Abstract: Physical fitness is one of the important health markers as a predictor of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between fat mass with anthropometric indicators and, secondly, to compare the performance of physical fitness among children and adolescents categorized with adequate and excess fat mass. Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 863 schoolchildren aged 6 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. physical fitness [speed (20m), agility (10x5m), and horizontal jump] was evaluated. Fat mass was calculated by anthropometric equation, body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio. Data were grouped into 6 age groups. Results: Children of both sexes categorized as having adequate levels of fat mass had lower values of body mass index, ponderal index, and waist to height ratio than children with high levels of fat mass. In physical fitness, children with adequate fat mass were better than the ones with elevated fat mass. In girls with adequate fat mass, better results were observed in horizontal jump and agility during adolescence. There were no differences in the speed test. Conclusion: Fat mass can be considered as a valuable tool for determining excess body fat and categorizing children and adolescents with adequate and excess fat mass. In addition, having acceptable levels of fat mass may contribute to better physical fitness in boys in horizontal jump, agility, and speed and, in girls, only in horizontal jump and agility.

Abstract Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) is used in studies with adolescents to relate physical fitness to health status, and in the area of sports training to prescribe and evaluate training programs. The objective of the present study was to verify the VO2peak in adolescent soccer players, observing the type of training and body size. The sample consisted of 116 male adolescents, aged between 12 and 15 years old, divided into three groups, the Control Group (CG; n=45), the Educational Sports Group (ESG; n=45) and the Soccer Athletes Group ( SAG; n=26). Height and body mass were assessed. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test was used to assess VO2peak. ANOVA (one way) was used to determine intergroup differences. VO2peak was allometrically adjusted by the exponent of -0.67. Initially, a better aerobic performance was observed in the ESG group compared to the GED. After allometric adjustment, the results pointed to a better performance of the SAG in relation to the GED and the ESG. We conclude that in order to evaluate VO2peak in adolescents it is necessary to take into account not only the type of training used (volume and intensity), but also their body size.

Resumo O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2pico) é utilizado em estudos com adolescentes para relacionar a aptidão física ao estado de saúde, e, na área do treinamento esportivo, para a prescrição e avaliação de programas de treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o VO2pico em adolescentes praticantes de Futebol de campo observando o tipo de treinamento e o tamanho corporal. A amostra foi composta por 116 adolescentes masculinos, idade entre 12 e 15 anos, divididos em três grupos, o Grupo Controle (GC; n=45), o Grupo de Esporte Educacional (GEE; n=45) e o Grupo de Atletas de Futebol (GAF; n=26). Foram avaliadas a estatura e a massa corporal. O Yo-YoIntermittent Endurance Test foi utilizado para avaliar o VO2pico. Foi utilizada a ANOVA (one way), para determinar as diferenças intergrupos. O VO2pico foi ajustado alometricamente pelo expoente de -0,67. Inicialmente observou-se melhor desempenho aeróbio do grupo GEE em relação ao GED. Após o ajuste alométrico, os resultados apontaram para o melhor desempenho do GAF em relação ao GED e GEE. Conclui-se que para se avaliar o VO2pico em adolescentes é necessário levar-se em conta, não só o tipo de treinamento utilizado (volume e intensidade), mas também o seu tamanho corporal.

Resumen Introducción: la anemia en los niños puede provocar deficiencias cognitivas y motoras que pueden conducir a dificultades en el rendimiento académico y la resistencia física, afectando a la salud y el bienestar. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia (ECATSH) que viven en una región de altitud del Perú. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 192 madres de niños con anemia que viven en una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Se utilizó el modelo de creencias de salud (MCS) para desarrollar y validar la ECATSH. Para la validez del contenido se utilizó el análisis de juicio de expertos (V de Aiken) y para la validez del constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio. La confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna. Resultados: en la validez del contenido, la prueba V de Aiken reflejó valores concordantes para la pertinencia (0,60 a 0,90), relevancia (0,75 a 0,95), claridad (0,80 a 0,90) y la escala total (0,75 a 0,92). Los valores de la alfa de Cronbach por pregunta oscilaron desde α = 0,70 hasta 0,81, y para la escala total fue de α = 0,75. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) reflejó valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0,733, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó un valor de 968,680 (p < 0,001). Los valores propios en las cinco dimensiones reflejaron valores desde 1,05 hasta 4,03. El porcentaje de la varianza para el factor 1 (beneficios = 33,58 %), factor 2 (gravedad = 12,61 %), factor 3 (señales de acción = 10,78 %), factor 4 (barreras = 8,07 %), factor 5 (susceptibilidad = 7,63 %) y total de la escala fue de 74,12 %. Conclusión: el MCS es una herramienta útil que permitió validar la escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia que viven a elevada altitud del Perú.

Abstract Introduction: anemia in children can cause cognitive and motor deficits that can lead to difficulties in academic performance, physical endurance, affecting health and well-being Objective: to develop and validate a scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia (SBAIST) living in a high altitude region of Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 mothers of children with anemia living in a high altitude region of Peru. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to develop and validate the SBAIST. Expert judgment analysis (Aiken's V) was used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency. Results: for content validity, Aiken's V test showed concordant values for relevance (0.60 to 0.90), relevance (0.75 to 0.95), clarity (0.80 to 0.90) and total scale (0.75 to 0.92). Cronbach's alpha values per question ranged from 〈 = 0.70 to 0.81, and for total scale was 〈 = 0.75. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reflected Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of 0.733, Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated a value of 968.680 (p < 0.001). The eigenvalues in the five dimensions reflected values from 1.05 to 4.03. The percentage of variance for factor 1 (barriers = 33.58 %), factor 2 (severity = 12.61 %), factor 3 (action cues = 10.78 %), factor 4 (barriers = 8.07 %), factor 5 (susceptibility = 7.63 %), and for the total scale was 74.12 %. Conclusion: HBM is a useful tool that allowed validation of the scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia living at high altitude in Peru.

Abstract Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Resumen Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

Abstract Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). Conclusions: children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru and Colombia diverge from the CDC-2012 physical growth patterns. In addition, PI is a new alternative for estimating weight in relation to BMI. The proposed curves for weight, height, and PI by age and sex could have greater implications in the control of child health programs and in clinical and epidemiological practices.

Resumen Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada en Perú y Colombia divergen de los patrones de crecimiento físico del CDC-2012. Además, el IP es una nueva alternativa para estimar el peso en relación al IMC. Las curvas propuestas para el peso, la talla y el IP por edad y sexo podrían tener mayores implicaciones en el control de los programas de salud infantil y en las prácticas clínicas y epidemiológicas.

Abstract Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Introduction: the assessment of body composition is relevant and useful for designing interventions for healthy lifestyles and nutritional strategies. Objective: our goal was to verify the relationships between adiposity indicators with fat mass (FM), and to validate equations that allow predicting FM in young people with Down syndrome (SD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 young people with DS (24 men and 24 women). Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip index (WHI), and waist-to-height index (WHtR) were calculated. FM was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: age in men was 19.3 ± 3.0 years, and in women it was 18.9 ± 1.9 years; weight was 73.6 ± 14.3 kg in men and 75.8 ± 20.3 kg in women, and height in men was 168.9 ± 6.5 cm, and in women it was 156.3 ± 6.2 cm. In males the correlations between FM (DXA) with BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, BAI and WHtR ranged from r = 0.01 to r = 0.89, and in females from r = 0.10 to r = 0.97. The highest correlations were observed with BMI and WC in both sexes (males r = 0.78 to 0.92, and females r = 0.83 to 0.97). Regression equations were generated to estimate FM in males (R2 = 84 %) and in females (R2 = 96 %). Percentiles were calculated for MG per DXA and for each equation. Conclusions: there were significant positive correlations between BMI and WC with FM. These indicators were decisive for developing equations that estimate FM in young people with DS. The results suggest its potential use and application to evaluate, classify and monitor body fat levels in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Resumen Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante y útil para diseñar intervenciones de estilos de vida saludables y estrategias nutricionales. Objetivos: verificar las relaciones existentes entre los indicadores de adiposidad y la masa grasa (MG), y validar ecuaciones que permitan predecir la MG en jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 48 jóvenes con SD (24 hombres y 24 mujeres). Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la circunferencia de la cadera (CCa). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó la MG mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). Resultados: la edad de los hombres era de 19,3 ± 3,0 años y la de las mujeres de 18,9 ± 1,9 años; el peso era de 73,6 ± 14,3 kg en los hombres y de 75,8 ± 20,3 kg en las mujeres; finalmente, la estatura de los hombres era de 168,9 ± 6,5 cm y la de las mujeres de 156,3 ± 6,2 cm. En los hombres, las correlaciones entre la MG (DXA) y los parámetros IMC, CC, CCa, ICE, IAC e ICE oscilaron entre r = 0,01 y r = 0,89; en las mujeres, entre r = 0,10 y r = 0,97. Las correlaciones más altas se observaron con el IMC y la CC en ambos sexos (hombres, r = 0,78 a 0,92 y mujeres, r = 0,83 a 0,97). Se generaron ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la MG en los hombres (R2 = 84 %) y en las mujeres (R2 = 96 %). Se calcularon los percentiles de MG según la DXA y con cada ecuación. Conclusiones: hubo correlaciones positivas significativas del IMC y la CC con la MG. Estos indicadores fueron determinantes para desarrollar ecuaciones que estiman la MG de los jóvenes con SD. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación para evaluar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Abstract Objective: a) Establish reference values for bone parameters by using the speed of sound (SOS, m/s) of broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and establish a bone quality index (BQI = αSOS + βBUA) for children and adolescents living in a region of moderate altitude, b) compare bone parameters with an international standard (with different ethnic, socio-economic, and lifestyle backgrounds) by using ultrasound of the calcaneus (heel bone) (QUS). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents between the ages of 6.0 and 16.9 years old. The sample was selected randomly. A total of 1322 subjects were studied. Weight, height, and bone parameters, using ultrasound of the calcaneus, were evaluated SOS, BUA, and BQI. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated. Results: The average age of males was 11.44 ± 0.35 years old, and for females, it was 11.43 ± 0.35 years old. The students in this research showed slightly higher values of SOS, BUA, and BQI for both sexes when compared with the international reference (the 50th percentile). Percentiles were generated (P3, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90, and P97) using the LMS method [median (M), standard deviation (S), and power of the Box-Cox transformation (L)] by age and sex. Conclusion: The students living at a moderate altitude showed slightly higher values in bone parameters in relation to the international reference. This pattern depicted a population with a better state of bone health. The proposed percentiles may be used to categorize adequate to at risk bone parameters based on age and sex.

Background: Among older people, physical exercise improves cognitive function, aerobic fitness, and thus functional independence. Aim: To determine the effects of a walking training program on aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: An experimental study was carried out in 76 women with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged between 64 and 78 years. Thirty-eight women in the exercise group (EG) participated in a controlled walking program 3 times a week for 48 sessions (60min /day) and 38 women in the control group (CG) were not trained. Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and cognitive function using the Minimental test were evaluated at baseline and the end of the intervention. Results: The Minimental test improved significantly in the exercise group and did not change in the control group. Estimated VO-2max improved in women aged between 69 and 78 years. The distance walked in 6 minutes increased in all women of the experimental group. No changes in these parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusions: A structured walking program improved cognitive function, estimated aerobic capacity, and walking distance in these diabetic women.

ABSTRACT: Basic Education teachers have expressed concern about the inclusion of learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder, due to children’s lack of social skills, stereotypical behaviors, and restricted interests. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the current state of preparation of Elementary School teachers to stimulate the socialization of students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in inclusive schools. In the light of a quantitative methodology, a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study was carried out. Seventy-four teachers (52 women and 22 men) in charge of fulfilling the teaching-educational role of attending to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in conditions of inclusion in a Western province of Cuba were studied. The age ranged from 22 to 57 years. A previously validated questionnaire and Observation Sheet were applied to measure teachers’ theoretical-methodological and practical preparation. The results show that teachers have difficulties in stimulating the socialization of learners with autism in inclusive schools. Likewise, the academic degree, the experience in inclusive educational spaces and the disciplinary area turned out to be sociodemographic variables that determine the preparation of the teachers to fulfill this educational task. These results provide key information to design strategies and action plans, both in initial training and in daily practice, in order to enhance the theoretical and practical skills of teachers who take on this challenge.

RESUMEN: Los maestros de educación general han expresado su preocupación por la inclusión de educandos con Trastornos del Espectro Autista, debido a la falta de habilidades sociales de los niños, comportamientos estereotipados e intereses restringidos. El objetivo de este estudio es describir y comparar el estado actual de la preparación de los maestros de primaria para estimular la socialización de los educandos con Trastornos del Espectro Autista en escuelas inclusivas. A la luz de una metodología cuantitativa se realizó un estudio descriptivo-comparativo de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 74 maestros (52 mujeres y 22 hombres) encargados de cumplir con el rol docente-educativo de atender a los educandos con Trastornos del Espectro Autista en condiciones de inclusión en una provincia occidental de Cuba. El rango de edad oscila entre 22 y 57 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario y una Ficha de Observación previamente validados para medir la preparación teórica-metodológica y práctica de los maestros. Los resultados muestran que los maestros presentan dificultades para estimular la socialización de los educandos con autismo en escuelas inclusivas. Asimismo, el grado académico, la experiencia en espacios educacionales inclusivos y el área disciplinar resultaron ser variables sociodemográficas que determinan la preparación de los maestros para cumplir con esta tarea educativa. Estos resultados aportan información clave para diseñar estrategias y planes de acción, tanto en la formación inicial como en la práctica cotidiana, en aras de potenciar las competencias teóricas y prácticas de los maestros que asumen este desafío.

Background: Excess fat mass (FM) has a higher risk of producing sarcopenia, physical deterioration and reduced quality of life in older people. Aim: To propose regression equations based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) to predict fat mass using double energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the gold standard. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 1,188 participants (523 men and 665 women) aged 60 to 85 years. Ten percent of these (59 men and 60 women) were randomly selected to propose FM equations using DXA. The remaining 90% was used to calculate FM and develop percentiles. Results: Two equations were proposed to estimate FM [men: FM = −29,502+ (1,912 * BMI) R2 = 79%, women: FM = −9,891+ (1,323 * BMI) R2 = 80%]. Ten, 50, 85 and 95 percentiles were developed to evaluate FM. Conclusions: This study developed reliable regression equations and referential values to estimate FM in older people.